Prevalence of Access to Prenatal Care in the First Trimester of Pregnancy Among Black Women Compared to Other Races/Ethnicities: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective: To analyze the prevalence of access to prenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy among black women compared to other races/ethnicities through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Searches were carried out at PUBMED, LILACS, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, and in the grey literature. The quality of the studies and the risk of bias were analyzed using the Joanna Briggs Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies instrument. The extracted data were tabulatesd and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively through meta-analysis. Results: Black women had the lowest prevalence of access to prenatal services in the first trimester, with prevalence ranging from 8.1% to 74.81%, while among white women it varied from 44.9 to 94.0%; 60.7% of black women started prenatal care in the first trimester, while 72.9% of white women did so. Conclusion: Black women compared to other racial groups had lower prevalence of access to prenatal care, with less chance of access in the first trimester, and it can be inferred that the issue of race/skin color is an important determinant in obtaining obstetric care. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020159968_, PROSPERO CRD42020159968.

Impact of the implementation of the WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist on essential birth practices and adverse events in two Brazilian hospitals: a before and after study.

OBJECTIVE: The WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist (SCC) is a promising initiative for safety in childbirth care, but the evidence about its impact on clinical outcomes is limited. This study analysed the impact of SCC on essential birth practices (EBPs), obstetric complications and adverse events (AEs) in hospitals of different profiles. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental, time-series study and pre/post intervention. SETTING: Two hospitals in North-East Brazil, one at a tertiary level (H1) and another at a secondary level (H2). PARTICIPANTS: 1440 women and their newborns, excluding those with congenital malformations. INTERVENTIONS: The implementation of the SCC involved its cross-cultural adaptation, raising awareness with videos and posters, learning sessions about the SCC and auditing and feedback on adherence indicators. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Simple and composite indicators related to seven EBPs, 3 complications and 10 AEs were monitored for 1 year, every 2 weeks, totalling 1440 observed deliveries. RESULTS: The checklist was adopted in 83.3% (n=300) of deliveries in H1 and in 33.6% (n=121) in H2. The hospital with the highest adoption rate for SCC (H1) showed greater adherence to EBPs (improvement of 50.9%;p<0.001) and greater reduction in clinical outcome indicators compared with its baseline: percentage of deliveries with severe complications (reduction of 30.8%;p=0.005); Adverse Outcome Index (reduction of 25.6%;p=0.049); Weighted Adverse Outcome Score (reduction of 39.5%;p<0.001); Severity Index (reduction of 18.4%;p<0.001). In H2, whose adherence to the SCC was lower, there was an improvement of 24.7% compared with before SCC implementation in the composite indicator of EBPs (p=0.002) and a reduction of 49.2% in severe complications (p=0.027), but there was no significant reduction in AEs. CONCLUSIONS: A multifaceted SCC-based intervention can be effective in improving adherence to EBPs and clinical outcomes in childbirth. The context and adherence to the SCC seem to modulate its impact, working better in a hospital of higher complexity.

Oferta de serviços e recursos humanos da Rede de Atenção Psicossocial no Brasil / Offer of services and human resources of the Psychosocial Care Network in Brazil / Oferta de servicios y recursos humanos de la Red de Atención Psicosocial en Brasil

Objetivo: analisar a distribuição espacial da estrutura e dos recursos humanos que compõem a Rede de Atenção Psicossocial, de acordo com as Regiões Imediatas de Articulação Urbana (RIAU) no Brasil. Métodos: o estudo analisou 27 variáveis de estrutura e nove variáveis de recursos humanos registradas no Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde. Foi realizada análise descritiva e análise espacial pelas técnicas de Moran Global (I) e Local. Resultados: foi caracterizada a inexistência dos serviços para mais de 75% das RIAU. Para as variáveis "ACS, UBS, NASF I e Médicos da Família", clusters de altas taxas estão localizados no Nordeste. Já para as variáveis "Psicólogos, Psiquiatras e Terapeuta Ocupacional", os aglomerados de elevadas taxas se concentram nas regiões Sudeste e parte do Sul. Conclusão: existem vazios assistenciais na Rede de Atenção Psicossocial na região Norte do Brasil, com maior concentração de serviços e de profissionais nas regiões Sul e Sudeste.

Objective: To analyze the spatial distribution of the structure and human resources that make up the Psychosocial Care Network, according to the Immediate Regions of Urban Articulation (RIAU) in Brazil. Methods: The study analyzed 27 structure variables and nine human resources variables registered in the National Register of Health Facilities. Descriptive analysis and spatial analysis were performed using Moran Global (I) and Local techniques. Results: The lack of services was characterized for more than 75% of the RIAU. For the variables "ACS, UBS, NASF I and Family Physicians", high-rate clusters are located in the Northeast. Regarding the variables "Psychologists, Psychiatrists and Occupational Therapist", the high-rate clusters are concentrated in the Southeast and Southern parts. Conclusion: there are care gaps in the Psychosocial Care Network in Northern Brazil, with a higher concentration of services and professionals in the South and Southeast.

Objetivo: Analizar la distribución espacial de la estructura y los recursos humanos que conforman Red de Atención Psicosocial, según las Regiones Inmediatas de Articulación Urbana (RIAU) en Brasil. Métodos: El estudio analizó 27 variables de estructura y nueve variables de recursos humanos registradas en el Registro Nacional de Instalaciones de Salud. El análisis descriptivo y el análisis espacial se realizaron utilizando las técnicas Moran Global (I) y Local. Resultados: La falta de servicios se caracterizó en más del 75% de RIAU. Para las variables "ACS, UBS, NASF I y Médicos de Familia", los grupos de alta tasa se encuentran en el noreste. Para las variables "Psicólogos, Psiquiatras y Terapeuta Ocupacional", los grupos de alta tasa se concentran en el Sudeste y el Sur. Conclusión: existen brechas asistenciales en la Red de Atención Psicosocial en el Norte de Brasil, con una mayor concentración de servicios y profesionales en el Sur y Sudeste.

Implementation of an improvement cycle in the care of a primary health care.

OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the effectiveness of a quality improvement cycle applied to the care of spontaneous demand in a primary care center. METHODS: quasi-experimental before and after study, with a quantitative approach and no control group. An improvement cycle was carried out in a primary care center in the city of Guarabira/PB using five quality criteria. An evaluation, an intervention focused on the most problematic criterion and a reassessment were carried out. The samples were random (n = 60). The percentages and confidence intervals of compliance with each criterion were verified. Statistical significance was calculated using the Z test. RESULTS: after the intervention, there was a significant improvement in two quality criteria of the care of spontaneous demand users (the user must be heard by a professional and go through the risk classification). CONCLUSIONS: the improvement cycle was an effective quality management method.

Adverse obstetric outcomes in two Brazilian maternity hospitals.

PURPOSE: Obstetric adverse outcomes (AOs) are an important topic and the use of composite measures may favor the understanding of their impact on patient safety. The aim of the present study was to estimate AO frequency and obstetric care quality in low and high-risk maternity hospitals. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: A one-year longitudinal follow-up study in two public Brazilian maternity hospitals. The frequency of AOs was measured in 2,880 randomly selected subjects, 1,440 in each institution, consisting of women and their newborn babies. The frequency of 14 AOs was estimated every two weeks for one year, as well as three obstetric care quality indices based on their frequency and severity as follows: the Adverse Outcome Index (AOI), the Weighted Adverse Outcome Score and the Severity Index. FINDINGS: A significant number of mothers and newborns exhibited AOs. The most prevalent maternal AOs were admission to the ICU and postpartum hysterectomy. Regarding newborns, hospitalization for > seven days and neonatal infection were the most common complications. Adverse outcomes were more frequent at the high-risk maternity, however, they were more severe at the low-risk facility. The AOI was stable at the high-risk center but declined after interventions during the follow-up year. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: High AO frequency was identified in both mothers and newborns. The results demonstrate the need for public patient safety policies for low-risk maternity hospitals, where AOs were less frequent but more severe.

Implementation of an improvement cycle in the care of a primary health care / Implantación de un ciclo de mejora en la acogida de una unidad básica de salud / Implantação de um ciclo de melhoria no acolhimento de uma unidade básica de saúde

ABSTRACT Objectives: to evaluate the effectiveness of a quality improvement cycle applied to the care of spontaneous demand in a primary care center. Methods: quasi-experimental before and after study, with a quantitative approach and no control group. An improvement cycle was carried out in a primary care center in the city of Guarabira/PB using five quality criteria. An evaluation, an intervention focused on the most problematic criterion and a reassessment were carried out. The samples were random (n = 60). The percentages and confidence intervals of compliance with each criterion were verified. Statistical significance was calculated using the Z test. Results: after the intervention, there was a significant improvement in two quality criteria of the care of spontaneous demand users (the user must be heard by a professional and go through the risk classification). Conclusions: the improvement cycle was an effective quality management method.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar la eficacia de un ciclo de mejora aplicado a la acogida de demanda espontánea en una unidad básica de salud. Métodos: se trata de un estudio casi experimental, del tipo antes y después, sin grupo control y con enfoque cuantitativo. Se llevó a cabo un ciclo de mejoras en una unidad básica de salud de la ciudad de Guarabira, estado de Paraíba, Brasil, en el que se utilizaron cinco criterios de calidad. Se realizó una evaluación, una intervención centrada en los criterios más problemáticos y una reevaluación. Las muestras fueron aleatorias (n = 60) y se comprobaron los porcentajes e intervalos de confianza del cumplimiento de cada criterio, así como el cálculo de la significación estadística, utilizando el test Z. Resultados: después de la intervención, se produjo una mejora significativa en dos criterios de calidad de la acogida de demanda espontánea (el usuario es escuchado por algún profesional y pasa por la clasificación de riesgo). Conclusiones: la realización del ciclo de mejora se mostró eficaz como método de gestión de la calidad.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar a efetividade de um ciclo de melhoria aplicado ao acolhimento à demanda espontânea em uma unidade básica de saúde. Métodos: estudo quase experimental, do tipo antes e depois, sem grupo controle e com abordagem quantitativa. Realizou-se um ciclo de melhoria em uma unidade básica de saúde no município de Guarabira/PB, utilizando cinco critérios de qualidade. Foram realizadas uma avaliação, uma intervenção focada no critério mais problemático e uma reavaliação. As amostras foram aleatórias (n = 60), sendo verificados os percentuais e intervalos de confiança do cumprimento de cada critério, assim como o cálculo da significância estatística, através do teste Z. Resultados: após a intervenção realizada, houve melhoria significativa em dois critérios de qualidade do acolhimento à demanda espontânea (o usuário ser ouvido por algum profissional e passar pela classificação de risco). Conclusões: a realização do ciclo de melhoria se mostrou efetiva como método de gestão da qualidade.

Relationship between social inequality indicators and the spatial distribution of Zika Virus cases. / Relação dos indicadores de desigualdade social na distribuição espacial dos casos de Zika Vírus.

The aim of this article was to analyze the possible relationship between social inequality indicators and the spatial distribution of ZIKV cases in a state in Northeastern Brazil in 2015-16. This is an ecological study with the data of notified ZIKV cases and the sociodemographic indicators of Rio Grande do Norte state (RN), based on information from the State Public Health Department (SESAP-RN) and DATASUS. The data were analyzed in Terraview version 4.2.2, Geoda version 1.12 and IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Both the average incidence rate (AIR) of ZIKV cases in 2015-16 (Moran = 0.139; p= 0.03) and the AIR of violence (Moran= 0.295; p= 0.02), average household income (Moran= 0.344; p=0.01) and unemployment rate (Moran= 0.231; p=0.01) exhibited a geographic spatial distribution pattern. In multiple linear regression analysis, the variables AIR of violence and average household income explained 55% of the variation in the AIR of ZIKV in 2015-16 (adjusted R2 = 0.55). Municipalities with more notifications of violence and higher average income, such as the state capital, reported a higher number of ZIKV cases, possibly due to better organization, greater awareness of socioenvironmental problems and easier access to health services.

The WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist implementation: impact on the prescription of magnesium sulphate through a one-year longitudinal study.

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia is a relatively frequent condition during pregnancy and childbirth. The administration of magnesium sulphate as a prophylactic and treatment measure is an evidence-based practice for eclampsia; however, it is not consistently used, compromising the health of pregnant women. This study aimed to assess compliance with recommendations of the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP) for the use of MgSO4 in pregnant women with preeclampsia, before and after the implementation of the World Health Organization Safe Childbirth Checklist (SCC). METHODS: This quasi-experimental study was conducted between July 2015 and July 2016 at a third-level maternity hospital in northeastern Brazil, where the SCC was implemented. Compliance (underuse and overuse of MgSO4) was assessed in biweekly samples of 30 deliveries assessed 6 months before and 6 months after SCC implementation, using indicators based on international guidelines. A total of 720 deliveries were assessed over 1 year using an ad hoc application for reviewing medical records. Aggregated adequate use was estimated for the study period, and the time series measurements were compared to a control chart to assess change. RESULTS: The incidence of preeclampsia was 39.9% (287/720). Among these, 64.8% (186/287) had severe signs or symptoms and needed MgSO4. Underuse (no prescription when needed) of MgSO4 was observed in 74.7% (139/186) of women who needed the drug. Considering all women, non-compliance with the prescription protocol (underuse and overuse) was 20.0% (144/720). After introducing the SCC, the use of MgSO4 in women with preeclampsia with severe features increased from 19.1 to 34.2% (p = 0.025). Longitudinal analysis showed a significant (p < 0.05) ascending curve of adequate use of MgSO4 after the SCC was implemented. CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with recommendations for the use of MgSO4 in preeclampsia was low, but improved after implementation of the SCC. Interventions to improve compliance based on diagnosis and treatment reminders may help in the implementation of this good practice.

AGRASS Questionnaire: Assessment of Risk Management in Health Care.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the development and the validity analysis of the Assessment of Risk Management in Health Care Questionnaire (AGRASS). METHODS: This is a validation study of a measurement instrument following the stages: 1) Development of conceptual model and items; 2) Formal multidisciplinary assessment; 3) Nominal group for validity analysis with national specialists; 4) Development of software and national pilot study in 62 Brazilian hospitals 5) Delphi for validity analysis with the users of the questionnaire. In stages 3 and 5, the items were judged based on face validity, content validity, and utility and viability, by a 1-7 Likert scale (cut-off point: median < 6). Accuracy and reliability of the questionnaire were analyzed with the Confirmatory Factor Analysis and the Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS: The initial version of the instrument (98 items) was adapted during stages 1 to 3 for the final version with 40 items, which were considered relevant, of adequate content, useful, and viable. The instrument has 2 dimensions and 9 subdimensions, and the items have closed-ended questions (yes or no). The software for the automatic collection and analysis generates indicators, tables, and automatic graphs for the assessed institution and aggregated data. The adjustment indices confirmed a bi-dimensional model composed of structure and process (X2/gl = 1.070, RMSEA ≤ 0.05 = 0.847, TLI = 0.972), with high reliability for the AGRASS Questionnaire (α = 0.94) and process dimension (α = 0.93), and adequate for the structural dimension (α = 0.70). CONCLUSIONS: The AGRASS Questionnaire is a potentially useful instrument for the surveillance and monitoring of the risk management and patient safety in health services.

Agrass questionnaire: Assessment of risk management in health care / Questionário agrass: Avaliação da gestão de riscos assistenciais em serviços de saúde

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the development and the validity analysis of the Assessment of Risk Management in Health Care Questionnaire (AGRASS). METHODS This is a validation study of a measurement instrument following the stages: 1) Development of conceptual model and items; 2) Formal multidisciplinary assessment; 3) Nominal group for validity analysis with national specialists; 4) Development of software and national pilot study in 62 Brazilian hospitals 5) Delphi for validity analysis with the users of the questionnaire. In stages 3 and 5, the items were judged based on face validity, content validity, and utility and viability, by a 1-7 Likert scale (cut-off point: median < 6). Accuracy and reliability of the questionnaire were analyzed with the Confirmatory Factor Analysis and the Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS The initial version of the instrument (98 items) was adapted during stages 1 to 3 for the final version with 40 items, which were considered relevant, of adequate content, useful, and viable. The instrument has 2 dimensions and 9 subdimensions, and the items have closed-ended questions (yes or no). The software for the automatic collection and analysis generates indicators, tables, and automatic graphs for the assessed institution and aggregated data. The adjustment indices confirmed a bi-dimensional model composed of structure and process (X2/gl = 1.070, RMSEA ≤ 0.05 = 0.847, TLI = 0.972), with high reliability for the AGRASS Questionnaire (α = 0.94) and process dimension (α = 0.93), and adequate for the structural dimension (α = 0.70). CONCLUSIONS The AGRASS Questionnaire is a potentially useful instrument for the surveillance and monitoring of the risk management and patient safety in health services.

RESUMO OBJETIVO O estudo objetiva descrever a construção e análise da validade do Questionário Avaliação da Gestão de Riscos Assistenciais em Serviços de Saúde (AGRASS). MÉTODOS Trata-se de estudo de validação de um instrumento de medida nas etapas: 1. construção do modelo conceitual e itens; 2. apreciação formal multidisciplinar; 3. grupo nominal para análise da validade com especialistas da esfera nacional; 4. desenvolvimento de softwares e estudo-piloto nacional em 62 hospitais do Brasil; 5. Delphi para análise da validade com utilizadores do questionário. Nas etapas 3 e 5, os itens foram julgados quanto à validade de face e conteúdo, utilidade e viabilidade, em uma escala Likert de 1 a 7 (ponto de corte: mediana < 6). A validade de construto e a confiabilidade foram analisadas com análise fatorial confirmatória e coeficientes α de Cronbach. RESULTADOS A versão inicial do instrumento (98 itens) foi adaptada durante as etapas 1 a 3 para a versão com 40 itens considerados relevantes, de conteúdo adequado, úteis e viáveis. O instrumento tem duas dimensões e nove subdimensões, e os itens têm opção de resposta fechada (sim ou não). Os softwares para coleta e análise automática geram indicadores, tabelas e gráficos automáticos para a instituição avaliada e conjuntos agregados. Os índices de ajuste confirmaram o modelo bidimensional de estrutura e processo (X2/gl = 1,070, RMSEA ≤ 0,05 = 0,847; TLI = 0,972), havendo confiabilidade alta para o Questionário AGRASS (α = 0,94) e a dimensão processo (α = 0,93) e aceitável para a dimensão estrutura (α = 0,70). CONCLUSÃO O Questionário AGRASS é um instrumento potencialmente útil para a vigilância e monitoramento da gestão de riscos e segurança do paciente em serviços de saúde.

Relação dos indicadores de desigualdade social na distribuição espacial dos casos de Zika Vírus / Relationship between social inequality indicators and the spatial distribution of Zika Virus cases

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a possível relação de indicadores que refletem a desigualdade social sobre a distribuição espacial dos casos de Zika vírus (ZIKV) em um estado do Nordeste brasileiro no Biênio 2015-2016. Estudo ecológico com dados das notificações de casos de ZIKV e indicadores sociodemográficos do estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN) calculados a partir de dados da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde Pública do RN (SESAP-RN) e DATASUS. Os dados foram analisados no Terraview versão 4.2.2, no GeoDa versão 1.12 e no IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Observou-se que tanto a Taxa Média de Incidência (TMI) de casos de ZIKV no biênio de 2015-2016 (Moran=0,139; p=0,03) quanto a TMI de violência (Moran=0,295; p=0,02), renda média domiciliar (Moran=0,344; p=0,01) e taxa de desemprego (Moran=0,231; p=0,01) obedeceram um padrão geográfico de distribuição espacial. Na análise de regressão linear múltipla as variáveis TMI de violência e renda domiciliar média explicaram 55% da variação da TMI de ZIKV no biênio 2015-2016 (R2 ajustado = 0,55). Municípios com mais notificações de violência e renda média favorável, como a capital, detêm maiores TMI de casos de ZIKV, fenômeno mediado possivelmente pela melhor organização, maior clareza aos problemas socioambientais e ainda, melhor acesso aos serviços de saúde.

Abstract The aim of this article was to analyze the possible relationship between social inequality indicators and the spatial distribution of ZIKV cases in a state in Northeastern Brazil in 2015-16. This is an ecological study with the data of notified ZIKV cases and the sociodemographic indicators of Rio Grande do Norte state (RN), based on information from the State Public Health Department (SESAP-RN) and DATASUS. The data were analyzed in Terraview version 4.2.2, Geoda version 1.12 and IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Both the average incidence rate (AIR) of ZIKV cases in 2015-16 (Moran = 0.139; p= 0.03) and the AIR of violence (Moran= 0.295; p= 0.02), average household income (Moran= 0.344; p=0.01) and unemployment rate (Moran= 0.231; p=0.01) exhibited a geographic spatial distribution pattern. In multiple linear regression analysis, the variables AIR of violence and average household income explained 55% of the variation in the AIR of ZIKV in 2015-16 (adjusted R2 = 0.55). Municipalities with more notifications of violence and higher average income, such as the state capital, reported a higher number of ZIKV cases, possibly due to better organization, greater awareness of socioenvironmental problems and easier access to health services.

Multicentre cross-sectional study on adverse events and good practices in maternity wards in Brazil and Mexico: same problems, different magnitude.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the quality of delivery care in maternity wards in Brazil and Mexico based on good practices (GP) and adverse events (AE), in order to identify priorities for improvement. DESIGN: A multicentre cross-sectional study with data collection from medical records between 2015 and 2016 to compare indicators of maternal and neonatal GP and EA based on the Safe Childbirth Checklist and standardised obstetric quality indicators. Two Brazilian and five Mexican maternity wards participated in the study. Descriptive statistics and χ2 tests were performed to assess performance and significant differences between the hospitals investigated. SAMPLING: We analysed 720 births in Brazil and 2707 in Mexico, which were selected using a systematic random sampling of 30 medical records every fortnight for 12 2-week periods in Brazil and 18 2-week periods in Mexico. We included women and their newborns, excluding those with congenital malformations. RESULTS: The Mexican hospitals showed greater adherence to GP (58.2%) and a lower incidence of AE (12.9%) than the participating institutions in Brazil (26.8% compliance with GP and 16.0% AE). In spite of these differences, the relative importance of particular quality problems and type of AE are similar in both countries. Tertiary hospitals, caring for women at higher risk, have significantly (p<0.001) higher rates of AE (27.2% in Brazil and 29.6% in Mexico) than institutions attending women at lower risk, where the frequency of AE ranges from 4.7% to 11.2%. Differences were significant (p<0.001) for most indicators of GP and AE. CONCLUSION: Data from outcome and process measures revealed similar types of failures in the quality of childbirth care in both countries and indicate the need of rationalising the use of antibiotics for the mother and episiotomy, encouraging greater adherence to partograph and to the use of magnesium sulfate for the treatment of severe preeclampsia/eclampsia.

Growth and Development of Children with Microcephaly Associated with Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome in Brazil.

The outbreak of Zika virus in Latin America in the period 2015⁻2016 has caused a sudden increase in the number of severe manifestations and reports of congenital changes in newborns in Brazil. This is the first study that evaluated and compared the growth and cognitive and motor development of children with microcephaly due to Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome (CZS) in relation to typical children. It was an observational, analytical, cross-sectional study with 8 children with CZS and 16 typical children, with a mean age of 20.5 months (±2.1), in a region of northeastern Brazil. Considering the mean, children with CZS presented extremely low performance in the motor domain and in the cognitive development domain, whereas typical children presented average performance in the cognitive and motor development domains. Children with CZS presented a mean growth rate (head circumference and weight) lower than typical children. Therefore, children with CZS are at risk for growth retardation and development compared to typical children.

Adaptation and validation of the World Health Organization's on Safe Childbirth Checklist for the Brazilian context / Adaptação e validação da lista de verificação do parto seguro da Organização Mundial da Saúde para o contexto brasileiro

Abstract Objectives: to culturally adapt and validate the WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist (SCC) in Brazilian hospitals. Methods: a methodological study was carried out with consensus techniques and cross-cultural adaptation stages. The original SCC underwent three adaptation and validation stages: 1- nominal group with a panel of experts; 2- consensus conference at two maternity schools, in meetings with professionals who would use the list; 3- pre-test with a structured questionnaire for health professionals from both maternities (n=40) after 30 days of using the checklist. Validation criteria contemplated the content validity, adequated to Brazilian protocols, terminology and feasibility for local context. Results: the adapted SCC in Brazil was called the Lista de Verificação para o Parto Seguro - Brasil (LVPS-BR) (Checklist for Safe Childbirth -Brazil) and included 49 items. In the first stage, the 29 items of the original SCC were approved with some adaptations (e.g. CD4 was replaced by the Rapid HIV Test). In the second stage, some of the 29 items were adjusted and added 24 items more. In the third stage, three items were excluded, two were grouped and one more was added. Conclusions: the validation process provided a potentially useful LVPS for the Brazilian context, presenting validity and feasibility evidences for the Brazilian context.

Resumo Objetivos: adaptar culturalmente e validar o Safe Childbirth Checklist (SCC) da OMS para os hospitais brasileiros. Métodos: realizou-se uma pesquisa metodológica com técnicas de consenso e etapas de adaptação transcultural. O SCC original passou por três etapas de adaptação e validação: 1- grupo nominal com painel de especialistas; 2- conferência de consenso em duas maternidades escolas, em reuniões com profissionais que utilizariam a lista; 3- pré-teste com questionário estruturado aos profissionais de saúde das duas maternidades (n=40) após 30 dias de sua utilização. Critérios de validação contemplaram as validades de face e conteúdo, adequação aos protocolos nacionais, terminologia e viabilidade no contexto local. Resultados: o SCC adaptado para o Brasil foi denominado Lista de Verificação para o Parto Seguro - Brasil (LVPS-BR), contendo 49 itens. Na primeira etapa, os 29 itens do SCC original foram aprovados com algumas adaptações (ex.: CD4 substituído por Teste Rápido para HIV). Na segunda etapa, ocorreram ajustes em alguns dos 29 itens e acrescentaram-se 24 itens. Na terceira etapa, excluíram-se três itens, agruparam-se dois e acrescentou-se um. Conclusões: o processo de validação disponibilizou uma LVPS potencialmente útil para o contexto brasileiro, apresentando indícios de validade e viabilidade para o contexto nacional.

Mortalidade em idosos longevos e "mais jovens" no Brasil / Mortality in the oldest old and \"younger\" in Brazil

O objetivo do estudo foi traçar o perfil de mortalidade do idoso no Brasil, nas duas faixas etárias limítrofes, aqueles com 60 a 69 anos (mais jovens) e 80 ou mais (longevos). Para isso, se buscou a caracterização, tendência, distinção de diferentes perfis de mortalidade e da qualidade da informação e suas relações com o contexto socioeconômico e sanitário das microrregiões do Brasil. Para tanto, se processou a coleta de dados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) e Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). A partir dos dados foram calculados os coeficientes de mortalidade para os capítulos da Classificação Internacional das Doenças (CID-10) e com o uso do modelo de regressão polinomial se obteve a tendência dos principais capítulos. Através da Análise de Agrupamento por técnica não hierárquica (K-Means) se obteve os perfis entre as microrregiões brasileiras. Ademais, por meio da análise fatorial das variáveis contextuais se obteve o Índice de Privação Socioeconômica e Sanitária (IPSS). A tendência dos CMId e da razão de seus valores nos dois estratos mostrou uma diminuição da maior parte dos indicadores, principalmente das taxas de mal definidas, especialmente entre os longevos. Os perfis que emergiram foram nos idosos “mais jovens”, o Perfil do Desenvolvimento, Perfil da Modernidade, Perfil do Paradoxo Epidemiológico e Perfil do Desconhecimento. Nos longevos, emergiram perfis denominados igualmente aos três últimos e mais o Perfil das Baixas Taxas de Mortalidade. Na comparação das médias de IPSS de forma global todos os grupos diferiam entre si, em ambos os estratos etários. Foi feita a comparação do Perfil do Desconhecimento, com os demais perfis, através do uso de contrastes ortogonais. Basicamente ele diferia de todos os outros, isolados ou agrupados. Embora, nos longevos este apresentou média de IPSS semelhante ao Perfil das Baixas Taxas de Mortalidade.

Também, foi encontrada associação entre os indicadores de qualidade da informação, CMId por causas mal definidas, Coeficiente Geral de Mortalidade para cada estrato etário (CGMId) e o IPSS das microrregiões, onde foi maior a privação socioeconômica sanitária, mais desfavoráveis foram as taxas encontradas. Diante dos achados, considera-se que apesar da diminuição dos coeficientes de mortalidade, há diferenças marcantes de perfis e estes estão relacionados às condições contextuais, como também às desigualdades regionais em relação à qualidade da informação, fato que potencializa a vulnerabilidade da faixa etária estudada e as iniquidades em saúde já presentes. (AU)

The aim of the present study was to trace the mortality profile of the elderly in Brazil using two neighboring age groups: 60 to 69 years (young-old) and 80 years or more (oldest-old). To do this, we sought to characterize the trend and distinctions of different mortality profiles, as well as the quality of the data and associations with socioeconomic and sanitary conditions in the micro-regions of Brazil. Data was collected from the Mortality Information System (SIM) and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Based on these data, the coefficients of mortality were calculated for the chapters of the International Disease Classification (ICD-10). A polynomial regression model was used to ascertain the trend of the main chapters. Non-hierarchical cluster analysis (K-Means) was used to obtain the profiles for different Brazilian micro-regions. Factorial analysis of the contextual variables was used to obtain the socio-economic and sanitary deprivation indices (IPSS). The trend of the CMId and of the ratio of its values in the two age groups confirmed a decrease in most of the indicators, particularly for badly-defined causes among the oldest-old. Among the young-old, the following profiles emerged: the Development Profile; the Modernity Profile; the Epidemiological Paradox Profile and the Ignorance Profile. Among the oldest-old, the latter three profiles were confirmed, in addition to the Low Mortality Rates Profile. When comparing the mean IPSS values in global terms, all of the groups were different in both of the age groups. The Ignorance Profile was compared with the other profiles using orthogonal contrasts. This profile differed from all of the others in isolation and in clusters. However, the mean IPSS was similar for the Low Mortality Rates Profile among the oldest-old.

Furthermore, associations were found between the data quality indicators, the CMId for badly-defined causes, the general coefficient of mortality for each age group (CGMId) and the IPSS of the micro-regions. The worst rates were recorded in areas with the greatest socioeconomic and sanitary deprivation. The findings of the present study show that, despite the decrease in the mortality coefficients, there are notable differences in the profiles related to contextual conditions, including regional differences in data quality. These differences increase the vulnerability of the age groups studied and the health iniquities that are already present. (AU)

Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases in the Elderly: Comparative Analysis of Two Five-year Periods.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in Brazil. The better understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the Brazilian elderly population is essential to support more appropriate health actions for each region of the country. OBJECTIVE: To describe and to compare geospatially the rates of mortality from cardiovascular disease in elderly individuals living in Brazil by gender in two 5-year periods: 1996 to 2000 and 2006 to 2010. METHODS: This is an ecological study, for which rates of mortality were obtained from DATASUS and the population rates from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). An average mortality rate for cardiovascular disease in elderly by gender was calculated for each period. The spatial autocorrelation was evaluated by TerraView 4.2.0 through global Moran index and the formation of clusters by the index of local Moran-LISA. RESULTS: There was an increase, in the second 5-year period, in the mortality rates in the Northeast and North regions, parallel to a decrease in the South, South-East and Midwest regions. Moreover, there was the formation of clusters with high mortality rates in the second period in Roraima among females, and in Ceará, Pernambuco and Roraima among males. CONCLUSION: The increase in mortality rates in the North and Northeast regions is probably related to the changing profile of mortality and improvement in the quality of information, a result of the increase in surveillance and health care measures in these regions.

Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases in the Elderly: Comparative Analysis of Two Five-year Periods / Mortalidade em Idosos por Doenças Cardiovasculares: Análise Comparativa de Dois Quinquênios

Background:Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in Brazil. The better understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the Brazilian elderly population is essential to support more appropriate health actions for each region of the country.Objective:To describe and to compare geospatially the rates of mortality from cardiovascular disease in elderly individuals living in Brazil by gender in two 5-year periods: 1996 to 2000 and 2006 to 2010.Methods:This is an ecological study, for which rates of mortality were obtained from DATASUS and the population rates from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). An average mortality rate for cardiovascular disease in elderly by gender was calculated for each period. The spatial autocorrelation was evaluated by TerraView 4.2.0 through global Moran index and the formation of clusters by the index of local Moran-LISA.Results:There was an increase, in the second 5-year period, in the mortality rates in the Northeast and North regions, parallel to a decrease in the South, South-East and Midwest regions. Moreover, there was the formation of clusters with high mortality rates in the second period in Roraima among females, and in Ceará, Pernambuco and Roraima among males.Conclusion:The increase in mortality rates in the North and Northeast regions is probably related to the changing profile of mortality and improvement in the quality of information, a result of the increase in surveillance and health care measures in these regions.

Fundamento:As doenças cardiovasculares constituem a primeira causa de morte no Brasil. A melhor compreensão da distribuição espacial e temporal das taxas de mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares na população idosa brasileira é fundamental para embasar ações em saúde mais direcionadas para cada região do país.Objetivo:Descrever e comparar geoespacialmente as taxas de mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares nos idosos residentes no Brasil, por sexo, nos quinquênios de 1996 a 2000 e de 2006 a 2010.Métodos:Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, para o qual os dados sobre mortalidade foram obtidos do DATASUS e os populacionais, do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. A taxa média de mortalidade para doenças cardiovasculares nos idosos, para cada sexo, foi calculada em cada período. A autocorrelação espacial dessa variável foi avaliada pelo TerraView 4.2.0 por meio do índice global de Moran e a formação de aglomerados (clusters), pelo índice local de Moran-LISA.Resultados:Observou-se, no segundo quinquênio, um aumento da taxa de mortalidade por doenças cardiovasculares nas Regiões Norte e Nordeste, concomitantemente à sua diminuição no Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste. Também houve formação de aglomerados com altas taxas de mortalidade no segundo quinquênio em Roraima, para o sexo feminino, e no Ceará, Pernambuco e Roraima, para o sexo masculino.Conclusão:A elevação das taxas de mortalidade para o Norte e Nordeste possivelmente esteve relacionada à mudança do perfil de mortalidade e melhoria na qualidade da informação, resultado do incremento das ações de vigilância e assistência à saúde nessas regiões.

Diferenciais de mortalidade por causas nas faixas etárias limítrofes de idosos / Mortality differentials by cause in extreme age groups of elderly

OBJETIVO: Identificar e comparar a escala de prioridades na saúde de idosos mais jovens 60 a 69 anos de idade e longevos 80 anos ou mais, segundo causas de mortalidade no Rio Grande do Norte, no período de 2001 a 2011. MÉTODOS: Estudo ecológico, cujos dados foram obtidos a partir do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade SIM e medidos através da Mortalidade Proporcional MP. RESULTADOS: As doenças cardiovasculares são a principal causa de morte para os dois grupos, com MP de mais de 30%. Já o segundo capítulo mais importante se distingue entre os dois grupos, correspondendo às neoplasias 22,9% para os mais jovens, que ocupa a quarta posição entre os longevos 10,1%. As causas mal definidas são a segunda mais prevalente para estes 17,3% e a quarta entre os mais jovens 9,18%. Há expressivas diferenças em relação às doenças respiratórias, do aparelho digestivo e causas externas. Sobre a primeira, os mais jovens 12,8% têm MP duas vezes maior que os longevos 6,2%, enquanto estes possuem MP cerca de duas e três vezes maior para as duas últimas, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo indica a heterogeneidade da população idosa, produzindo demandas distintas para as ações em saúde. As doenças cardiovasculares representam a principal causa de óbito para os dois grupos, porém as neoplasias, doenças do aparelho digestivo e causas externas obtiveram maior valor de MP entre os idosos mais jovens, ao passo que as mal definidas e do aparelho respiratório são mais importantes para os longevos.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and compare the scale of priorities in the health of young-old 60 to 69 years old and oldest-old older than 80 years individuals based on the cause of mortality in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil, from 2001 to 2011. METHODS: For this ecological study, data were obtained from the Brazilian Mortality Information System SIM and measured by Proportional Mortality PM. RESULTS: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death for both groups, with a PM of over 30%. The second most common cause among young-old individuals is neoplasm 22.9%, which only ranks as the fourth most common cause among the oldest-old 10.1%. Ill-defined causes are the second most prevalent cause among the oldest-old 17.3% and the fourth most prevalent cause among young-old individuals 9.18%. Significant differences were recorded for respiratory diseases, the digestive tract and external causes. In the case of the former, young-old individuals 12.8% exhibited PM that was twice that of the oldest-old 6.2%.They also showed values two and three times higher for the latter two causes, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study indicates the heterogeneity of the elderly, producing distinct demands for public health. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in both groups. Neoplasms, digestive diseases and external causes showed the highest amount of PM among young-old individuals, whereas ill-defined and respiratory causes were more significant among oldest-old individuals.